Navigation system, including acceleration integrating means



Oct. 7,

P. G. HANSEL 2,613,071

NAVIGATION SYSTEM, INCLUDING ACCELERATION INTEGRATING MEANS Filed June 19, 1947 2 SHEETS-ShEET 1 DiSTANCE INDIGIflDR |2 h "'1 l I [I4 l6 I l I i rams- DUCER l SPEED INDICATOR MOTION h ACCELERATION mucAroR ms m5 m5 COMPONENT COMPONENT cowoNENT ACCELERATION vELoGrrY DISTANCE INDICATOR INDICATOR momma 72 7s G2 l l 64 1o 74 8O TRANS- INTEGRATING INTEGRATING 84 -l AMPLIFIER r DUCER MEANS MEANS To TERMINAL I30 65 78 T0 TERMINAL llo l [68 [66 V G I TRANS- 86 9o 92 T0 TERMINAL n2 W MASS Z DUGER AMPLIFIER INTEGRATING NTEGRAT'NG TO TERMINAL I32 l l MEANS MEANs loo I i 96 5 who 94 98 E/w E/W E/W 6o COMPONENT COMPONENT COMPONENT ACCB.ERAT|0N vELocmr DISTANCE INDICATOR INDICATOR INDICATOR INVENTOR Oct. 7, 1952 HANSEL 2,613,071

NAVIGATION SYSTEM, INCLUDING ACCELERATION INTEGRATING MEANS Filed June 19, 1947 2 SHEETS-SHEET 2 SPEED INDICATOR SQUARE LAW clRcurr I 7 I24 mnvsnseo DISTANCE URSE mac/non INDICATOR ags?? INTEGRATING GRGUIT MEANS lzz I26 A I29 SQUARE O LAW n2 cmcun lzo mac/non OF DISTANCE FROM STARTING POINT sou R L/QI I32 cmcurr INVENTOR Patented Oct. 7,

GATIO -j-SYSTEM, INCLUDING ACCEL *nanrro -INTEGRATING MEANS v E aiiIZGQHanseLLong Braneh,"N. -J. l

,jlipplication June 19, is izs ri No. 755,591 l The present invention relates in g'en'erah to the measurement andflflrecording" ofdynainic quantities. -Morespecifically, the -invention relates to the measurement and-recording:of ;.the

dynamic quantities which are of particular in!- 1 terest in the navigation and control of aircraft, guided missiles and other movingbodies.

One of the objects of this inventionisto-pro- -vide anovel system for indica'ting velocities of r and distances traversed by moving bodiesn 5 'Anotherand-more. specific object is toilprovide a' cQrnprehensiVe and integrated system for the navigation of aircraftiwhichbis free from theinadequacies and inherent difiiculties charactistlc of conventional systems. 1 when -conventional systems are employed for the. navigation of aircraft, several dificulties arise.

rarely determinable with these systems. Moreover; although theheading of an aircraft-may be 2;,

For example, xabsolute ground speedis a mass M coupled through element [8 to a transdetermined readily, cross winds frequently, give rise to velocity components which are normal, to the headingandunknown in magnitude, thus making it a difficult matter. to determine. the resultantdirectionof. travel. l

A It is accordingly one of the objects of thisin vention to providea novel system for thedetermination of the true velocity of anaircraft, that is for theidetermination ofboth the absolute ground (speed and .of the absolute clirectionof travel, withoutregard to, the direction, of head- :rAnother disadvantage of the pinata aircraft navigationsystems is the necessity for the establishment and maintenance of elaborate and cost,- ly:: ground installations. The reliability of the ,navigationaldata provided by existingcsystems ,by reference to the following description .andto the appended drawings Inthe drawingsz l Eig. his a schematic circuittdiagram ofa simple electrical embodiment of 'certainfeatures of' the invention. Figqzis a functionallblock diagram of a portion of: a comprehensivenavigation system asse rnbled' in accordancewith the principles of I the invention, and

Fig 3 and Fig. 4illustrate ad monanavaia tures. ofthe invention; intended particularlyqfor use with the systemshown in .Fig. 2.

, .Referring to Fig. 1, an elementary-electrical siles-and small aircraft .The reference number H), indicates generallyaa movablebodyto which an accelerometer iZIis rigidly coupled. Said accelerometer, in its' sirnplest form, may comprise ducer'lB; The term transducer, as employed in this specification. denotes generally a device which will deliver a proportional electricetlout: put in response to a mechanical-force input. The transducer l6 maytake any of several known forms such as, for example, a piezo-electric plate or a stress-sensitive1resistor andbattery. Complete accelerometers suitablefor useuwith this invention, and transducers of the stressesensitive resistor type are manufactured and sold commercially by StathamLaboratories, 12401 West Olympic Blvd, Los Angeles 64, California; Suitable accelerometers are also available from both G. M. Giannini and C0,, Inc. ofPasadena 1,

California, and 'ISchaevitz Engineering Co. of

Camden, New Jersey. Schaevitz- Engineering Coi'also manufactures a suitable transducer of the linear variable-differential transformer type.

A triode vacuum tube transducer, manufactured by, Radio Corporationof America, Camden, New

Jersey, and sold under the, designation RCA- 5734 Mechano-Electronic Transducer may also be used. A detailed description of a practical :accelerometer employing a stress-sensitive re- I'sistor as the transducer element is published in "flnstrumentsfi vo1.;19, No. 3, March 1946 under the title, Applications of. unbonded-type, resistance gages.

For a comprehensive discussion of conventional transducers, reference made to the book.E1ectromechanical Transducers and Wave Filters by W. Mason, Van Nostrand, New

.York, 1942. It isapparent from Fig. 1 thatany changein the motion of the movable body 10 along the direction indicated by the arrowwill be accompanied by apositive or'anegative ac -,celeration of the. mass 14. The force required j to change the momentumof mass [4 be transmitted through the coupling element l8 to the transducer I 6.

celeration of the body l0.

Also c'onnectedto the output/of the transducer 16' is a"means for integrating thepositive'ac celeration and another meansfor integrating the negative acceleration. The integrating means for thenegative accelerationycomprises an electrical' capacitor'30; aresi'stor 28, and a unilateral impedance 24. The positiveacceleration is integrated by means of a like arrangementcom prising capacitor 38, resistor and a unilateral "impedance 26. The unilateral impedancesjfl U The transducer will, in turn, establish across resistor 20 a voltage proportional to said force; A meter 22 connected across re- ,qsistor, 20- will be deflected in accordance with said voltage and will therefore indicate the acbe described in detail here. Mechanical 'integrators are described in the book Designing C'omputing-Mechani'sms by MaconFry, reprinted from and, 26 serveto prevent discharge of capacitors 30". and 38 and may be diode-type vacuum tubes orcrystal rectifiers. F .,;.1''..;,"

The grid of a vacuum tube .32 is;connected across capacitor .30 andilthe grid of "a: second vacuum tube 40 is connected across capacitory38. A ,common'loadimpedance 44' is provided for the.

'. anode circuits of the vacuum-tubes. -T-he.:ter-' minal labeled '-|-Eb"-is.-connected' to the positive terminal of a conventionaldirect-current anode supply having the: negative terminal grounded andan output of,'for example, 150 to300;,volts.

The current through and consequently the :voltage across said load impedance are proportional to the difference. between theintegrals of the positive and negative accelerations or; in other 'words, to .the velocity of. the body 10 in thezdirection of the arrow. A voltmeter 50 connected across load impedance 44 serves therefore to indicate the. instantaneous.v ground speed. Con- 'nected 'acrossthe load impedance 44 is an integrating arrangement comprising. a unilateral impedance 46 in. series with a resistor and a capacitor" 152. I .The' voltage across capacitor 52 is proportional to the integral of the ground speed voltmeter :54, connected across capacitor 52 as shown responds to this'voltage and thus serves to' indicate tr'avers'ed distance. r i

1 For greatest accuracy, the structural elements 'shown' in' Fig. l shouldbe chosen with certain practical considerations in mind." For example,

the parameters of the resistors and capacitors stant; The'practical design values will, ofcourse, vary greatlyfor various particular.'applicatlons.

It is also particularly essential for "capacitors 3D, 38 and 52 to have very low leakages' Indicator 54 is preferably of the electrostatic type although any type of instrument may be employed which will not discharge the integrating capacitor 52. Y I a Although electrical elements'are shown in'Fig. 1 ,it is obvious that anequivalent system'can be assembled in accordance with the principles "of this'invention without the use ofelectri'cal elemerits. For example; several mechanical, chemi- -cal and elect ro-mechanicalmethods of integration areknown in the computer art which could be employed in place of the resistor-capacitor'networks to perform the'required integrating trunctions. In the design of practical" systems based 'uponthis invention the intended application-will,

of course, dictatethe preferable methods'for performing these functions. Equipment intended for flights of relatively short duration in rockets or l z'IThe usejof electrical analogies to explain com;

' or, in'iother words, to the traversed distance. .A

employed in'the integrating circuits should be chosen, 'in general, tdprov'ide along time con- Machine Design, August 1945 to February 1 946",'Pentd'n, Cleveland, Ohio, 1946. Several well known; forms of the more complex integrators suitabl'efor usein thepractice of this invention aredscribed in Electron Time Measurements,"

pages 280 to 308, McGraw-Hill Book Company, New 'York; 1949.-

plex"functional systems is. a'common practicein engineering; therefore,.--although this invention '25 is disclosed here largely in terms of electrical elee ments, ity is emphasizedthat the inyention can also be practiced with functionallyeanalogous non-electrical elements: 1' Y The safe and effinient navigation o f'faircraftain' world-wide trafiic-often requires :;muchqmorelineformation thanthe simple system: hown ii -Fig. 1

can provide." With reference to Fig. ,2, Fig. 3,;and

Fig. 4, a more comprehensive navigation; system embodying the principles; of i this invention- ,will

now be described. v

Referring particularly 2, theireference number represents'a-moving or movable body such as an aircraft. A gyroscopic.mech'anismiliz is mounted on the body .60 and serves to estab: I lish a .pair ofmutually-perpendiculargreference axes, for example, a north-south :axis'and 1. an east-west axis. through element to l a mass .68" andiresponds to changes in the momentum of said mass along the north-south axis? .Similarly, asecond transducer 6B iscoupled'through elementwfil to the mass and're'sponds. to momentum changes along thev east-west axis.

- "Amplifiers- 10 g and 861 are receptive. of "th'e outrputs of transducers 64 and 66. respectively. .Indi

catinginstruments 12 and 88: respond tothe accel eration components along the respective axes. An' integrating means 'l4 is employed'to integrate the'north-south accelerationfanda corresponding element!!!) integrates theieast-west accelerations.

Ihe output of' integrating means: 14 .isi proporie tional to the'north-south component 'ofthei-velo'ci-z v ity of bo'dyl'ill and' the' output of ielementrsflll is proportional to the east-west componentuo'fzfsaid velocity. 5 Indicators: 16F and 94 respond :to the north-south and east-west components crespectively. .1. A Integrating means and I. 96.I-inte'grate the north-south and eastewestrvelocityt components respectively and indicators 82 and 98;;which'are receptive 0f the outputs of elementsxml :andvflfi respectively, therefore indicate .the coordinates" of r the position of body 60 from the starting 'ori'refe erence pointas measured along the north-south and east-west axes respectively. 2 .fl'i- Associated with the arrangements shown in Fig. 2 are the] features of this; invention illustrated in Fig. 3.- Terminal [8 of Fig.2 is connected'to terminal 'llll ofFig. 3.: Similarly,qterminal.=.92

of- Fig. 2 is connected to terminal'rlihof Fig; 3,

A transducer" 64Sris coup1ed The individual" inputs "to terminals I Illand l I I 2 are prdp'ortionalto the north-south and the eastwest velocity components respectively. These inputs are applied to th deflection plates of a cathode-ray tube' I I4 iii the mannerillustrated. The trace I I 6 on the screen is therefore deflected along one coordinate axisby an amount proportionalto the north-south velocity *component and along asecond coordinate axis, perpendicular to the first, by an amount proportional to the eastwst-vel ocity component. The cathode-ray tube thusserves tocompound the velocity components vctoi-ially and'the resultant position of thetrace ;'I I6 on-"the screen indicates the velocity; oi the moving body; In other-words'; the distance from 'th" center of-the screen to thetracefllfi indiciates ground speed and the angular position of thetrace relative to the deflection axes indicates 'tl'ife direction of motion. A series of; concentric oi lesplaced over niesereeaas shown may be used gto neasu're the magnitude- 0f the velocity "and a conventional alidadeandcompass scale, which, are,omitted to "simplifythe' drawing, may be" use'dto"'measure the direction of motion implicit in the angular position of the trace.

The course indicator just described possesses a very significant advantage in that the absolute direction of motion and not merely the heading of the aircraft is indicated. For example, because of cross-winds, an aircraft may be movingnortheast even though its heading. may be due. north. The 'ab'solut'e"direction of motion catedby theangulanpo'sition of trace HE is uch more important iiiffriavigation than the signals avaname at tan-mas Imam 112 a proportional to'the" "north-south and eastfwes't've'locity components respectively andmay r17 Par o t cer ain a d ti na purposesof this invention, the north-south velocity-dependent signal applied to terminal I II] is impressed upon a square-law circuit I I8 andthe east-westvelocity-dependent signal applied to the terminalcifl is impressed upon an identical square-law circuit I20. The square-law circuits may take several known forms such as vacuum tube circuits adjusted to present a parabolic input-output,

characteristic or thermo-electric arrangements. The outputs of square-law circuits H8 and I23 are combined and applied to a square-root circuit I22. The latter circuit may also beconstructed according to well known methods. Conventional square-law and square-root circuits are described in the book Waveforms, pages 678 to 693, McGraw-Hill Book 00., New York, 1949. The output of the square-root circuit is proportional to the square-root of the sum of the squares of the north-south and east-west velocity components or to the magnitude of the velocity of the moving body. An indicator I24, receptive of this output, therefore indicates ground speed. Indicator I24 may take theform of a recorder and may also include a flight-control device.

Also receptive of the output of the square-root circuit I 22 is an integrating means I25 which serves to integrate the ground speed and thus to produce an output proportional to the total dis-- tance traversed by the moving body. This output is applied to a traversed-distance indicator I 28 which is analogous to the mileage indicator in an automobile.

old is required. -Aflight-cbhtrol; arrange 1i With 'particulan reference toiEig. 4, additional novel features of this;=.irivention? willi'now be described. Terminals I31) and I32c'are receptive' of signals from terminals 84 .andIIlEI respectively. It will be recalled that" th'e'csignals existingnat terminals 84 I and :Ifilfi i-are proportional toi zthe deflected along one coordinate axis on the screen of the tube by an amount proportional to the north-south distance an'd along a perpendicular coordinate axis by an amount "proportional to the east west distance. The cathode-ray tube per-forms the function of com'bining-theboinp'o nent distances vectoriallyand the tiace pds'ition, at any instant, therefore, indicates both the direct-line distance and direction fro'm the starting point. cathode-ray tube can 'be calibrated directly-in distance terms. In some casesit is-useful to place a transparent map overlay on the screen with the starting point orsome other reference point on-the map directly-overthe center.

For some purposes itis useful to have an auxiliary indication of the distance from western ing point. This is particularly true when either greater accuracyor a more permanent record is required than can be obtained with-a cathoderaytube; Accordingly, square-law' 'c'ircuits- I38 and "Mil are connected totermi'nals l3il and- I32 as shown in Fig. 4. The outputs of said squarelaw circuits are combined and the resultant 'sig- 1 nal is impressed upon a square-rootcircuitf 'I-he square-law and square-root circuits add inseam ponent distances vectorially and the'output of-the square-root circuit I42, which is proportional to the distance non-the starting or reference point, is impressed uponindicator I445 Thelattere lef ment may include a recorder if a permanent recent may also be associated W thel iiflI441? I While there have been] described what'are' j-at present considered to be'the-preferred embodiments of the-invention; it will be obvious tot ose skilled in theartthat numerous chaii ,ngl modifications may be made therein wi hout departing from the invention, and it is, therefore, aimed in the appended claims to cover all such changes and modifications as fall within the true said cathode ray tube along one axis in accordance with one of said velocitycomponents, and means for deflecting said trace along a second axis orthogonal to said first-named axis inaccordance with the second of said velocity components. l r

2. A navigation system comprising; means for determing velocity components along a pair of mutually perpendicular axes, a cathode ray tube, means for deflecting the trace on the screen of said cathode ray tube along one axis in accordance with the integral of one of said velocity components, and means for deflecting said trace alon a second axis orthogonal to said first-named axis in accordance with the integral of the second of said velocity components.

3. A system according to claim 1 including Concentric circles onthe screen of'the means: for effectively maintaining avparticular geographical orientation of said mutually perpendicular, axes. a v 1"4;;;A s ystem'laccording to claim 2 includin means; for; effectively maintaining aparticular geographical orientation of said mutually perpendicularlaxles. H

v; 5., Anavigat-ion' system comprising; means responsive tov accelerationcomponents along each of a-pair of ,mutually perpendicular axes, means forintegrating each of saidacceleration components twice,- means including a cathode-ray tube for compounding vectorially the first integrals of' said acceleration components, and means including a cathode-ray tube having a pair of quadrature deflection means; for compounding vectorially the second integrals of said acce1eration components.

6. A;moti on measuring system comprising; a

' ma s, s, a transducer responsive to changes in the momentum of said mass, a'first integrating arrangement receptiveof transducer outputs correspending-to positive accelerations of said mass, 2. second integrating -arrangementreceptive of transducer; outputs, corresponding to negative accelerations of said mass, means for combining theoutputsof said first and second integrating arrangements to produce a resultant proportional toinstantaneous speed,- a speed indicator responsivetosaid resultant; means for integrating said resultant and a displacement indicating arrangementresponsive to the integral ofsaid resultant. A-navigation-system comprising; means for effectively establishing in a given geographical orientation a pair ofmutua-lly perpendicular axes, means; for integrating acceleration components asre'solved along each of said. axes, means for compounding vectorially the integrals of said acceleration components to obtain a resultant proportional to speed; said last-named means in cludinga' pair of square-law circuits and means for; combining and eifectively extracting the square-root of the combined outputs of the square-law circuits, and ineans for integrating the integrals t said acceleration components.

"8.IA system according to-claim 7 including in addition, l-means for integrating said; resultant and meansresponsive to the integral of said resultant. 4 v v I aa aorn A- tem' acccniin sto; c ai iiinci dins. i

addition, means -for compounding vectoriallythe integrals oft eint ra soi saida eratian QOmtransducer, a pair of isolating amplifierslfor-combining the integralso f saidpositive and negative outputs and speed indicatingf'means responsive to the difference between the integrals '01 said positive and negative'cutputs. c I PAULiGn NS 7 REFERENCES CITED The I following references are; of record; the fileof this patent: 1 i I UNITED STATES PATENTS Number Name Date '1,728;904 h Herrjn" Sept; 17, 1929 2,266,449 Ullrich Dec. l6, 19741 2,328,985 A Luck ;j Sept, 7,1943 2,371,626 Kecskemeti ,Mar., 20, 1945 2,385,334 Davey Sept. 25,1945, 2,428300 j Hol den Oct.l4, 1947 2,447,517 Mans n 'Au ."24,' 9i 2,454,782 detBosa .7- Nov; 30, .1948

' FOREIGNl-PATENTS Number Country -Date 4 OTHER REFERENCES ;;E1ectronic Industries, August 1943; pp. -72 and p: 216. j 

